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[Only registered and activated users can see links] ([Only registered and activated users can see links]) ===>>GO TO THE STORE [(0 (E-glass) )/(0 (IMS60) ) 2 ] S > [(0 (IMS60) )/(0 (E-glass) )] S > [(0 (E-glass) )/(0 (IMS60) )] S > [(0 (E-glass) ) 2 /(0 (IMS60) )] S > [(0 (E-glass) ) 3 /(0 (IMS60) )] S > [(0 (E-glass) ) 5 /(0 (IMS60) )] S ).Similar content being viewed by others.Mechanical behavior of unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 composites under transverse tension and the structure of polyamide 6 among carbon fibers.Article 10 June 2020.Hideyuki Uematsu, Daisuke Kurita, … Shuichi Tanoue.Prolonged in situ self-healing in structural composites via thermo-reversible entanglement.Article Open access 31 October 2022.Alexander D. Snyder, Zachary J. Phillips, … Jason F. Patrick.Performance of hybrid Innegra-carbon fiber composites.Article Open access 27 November 2023.Uday Vaidya, Balaji Thattaiparthasarthy, … Elizabeth Cates.Introduction.Fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites (FRPs) have become a dominant material in the aerospace, high-performance automotive, and sporting goods industries 1,2 . By mixing two or more types of fibers in a common matrix to form a hybrid composite, it may be possible to create a material possessing the combined advantages of the individual composite.Naito et al. characterized the tensile properties and fracture behavior of high-strength polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based and high-modulus pitch-based hybrid carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy and polyimide matrix composites (CFRPs) 3,4,5 . The tensile stress–strain curves of the hybrid CFRP specimens showed a complicated shape (jagged trace). The hybrid composite can be considered one example of a material that prevents instantaneous failure.A number of papers were written approximately 1970–1980 on the advantages and applications of hybrid composites, such as carbon/glass hybrid composites, under static loading 6,7,8,9,10 . This interest stems from a more cost-effective utilization of expensive fiber if it is used in hybrid form 11 . The development of fiber-hybrid composites is a logical evolution toward even more design freedom and hence more possibility for optimization and cost reduction 12 . Although fatigue behavior is an important property for many applications, the effects of hybridization on this property have not been extensively studied 13 . Wu et al. 14 reported the fatigue properties of hybrid composites. The addition of CFRP to a basalt fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite increased the number of cycles to rupture of the hybrid composites. On the other hand, the addition of CFRP to a glass fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite (GFRP) did not have the same effect. However, measuring the static and fatigue tensile failure of the same hybrid composites remains a challenging issue. Demonstrating the static and fatigue tensile failure of the same hybrid composites are a major original contribution of this work.In the present work, static and fatigue tensile tests of high-strength PAN-based carbon (IMS60) and electronic (E)-class glass (E-glass) hybrid fiber-reinforced epoxy matrix composite (HFRP) specimens were performed to evaluate their potential. The Weibull statistical distributions of the static tensile strength and stiffness reduction during fatigue loading of the HFRP specimens were also evaluated.Experimental procedure.Materials.HFRP laminates were produced using an epoxy matrix-based unidirectional (UD) FRP prepreg material QC133-149A (fiber: IMS60, matrix: 133) and E-glass-UD/epoxy (fiber: E-glass, matrix: 180 °C-cured-type epoxy). The IMS60 carbon fiber was a high-strength PAN-based carbon fiber, and the E-class glass fiber was an alumino-borosilicate glass fiber with less than 1% w/w alkali oxides. IMS60 (QC133-149A) prepreg was supplied by Toho Tenax Co., Ltd., and E-glass (E-glass-UD/epoxy) prepreg was supplied by Arisawa Mfg. Co., Ltd. All sheets were manufactured using conventional prepreg technology. FRP prepregs with nominal thicknesses of 0.142 mm (QC133-149A, fiber area weight (FAW): 145 g/m 2 , resin content (RC): 35%) and 0.137 mm (E-glass-UD/epoxy, FAW: 170 g/m 2 , RC: 35%) were used.Specimen preparation.The fiber volume fractions of the mono CFRP and GFRP specimens and the HFRP specimens are listed in Table 1. The prepreg sheets were pressed at 490 kPa and cured at 180 °C for 4 h (the heating rate was 1 °C/min) using an autoclave (Ashida Mfg. Co., Ltd., ACA Series) in the laboratory.Table 1 Volume fraction of elements for the mono CFRP and GFRP, and HFRP specimens.The laminates were cut into rectangular straight-side tensile test specimens with dimensions of 200 mm in length (gage length, L , of 100 mm) and 10 mm in width. The fiber axis in the specimen was oriented in line with the length of the tensile test specimen (0° direction specimen). To remove the effect of stress concentrations caused by surface roughness from the edges, the edges of the tensile test specimens were polished to remove scratches. Thinner plain-woven fabric glass fiber-reinforced plastic (50 mm in length, 10 mm in width, and 1 mm in thickness) tapered tabs were affixed to the tensile test specimen to minimize damage from the grips on the tensile testing machine. Similar specimen preparation procedures of other hybrid composites have been observed in the reported literature 3,4,5 .Static test.Static tests of HFRP specimens were performed using a universal testing machine (Shimadzu, Autograph AG-series) with a load cell of 50 kN. The specimen was set up in the testing machine. A crosshead speed of 5.0 mm/min was applied, and all tests were conducted under the laboratory environment at room temperature (at 23 °C ± 3 °C and 50% ± 5% relative humidity). Strain gauges were used to measure longitudinal strains. Similar static test procedures of other hybrid composites have been observed in the reported literature 3,4,5 . Ten specimens were tested for each individual type of specimen.Fatigue test.Fatigue tests of HFRP specimens were conducted using a servo-hydraulic testing machine (Servopulser EHF-E05-20L, Shimadzu) with a 50-kN load cell at a frequency of 10 Hz under cyclic loading with a constant amplitude. The waveform of the cyclic loads was sinusoidal. The stress ratio, R , of the minimum stress to the maximum stress was 0.1. The fatigue tests were terminated after 1 × 10 7 cycles. All tests were conducted in the laboratory environment at room temperature (at 23 °C ± 3 °C and 50% ± 5% relative humidity). Strain gauges were used to measure longitudinal strains. Similar fatigue test procedures of other composites have been observed in the reported literature 15,16 .Results.Static tensile properties.Figure 1 shows typical tensile stress–strain ( σ – ε ) curves for the HFRP specimens, as well as for the MC and MG specimens. For the MC and MG specimens, and HA, HB, HC, HD, and HE specimens, the stress–strain response was linearly proportional until failure. However, the HF, HG, and HH specimens showed a complicated shape (jagged trace) 3,4,5 . For the IMS60 layers, the HFRP specimens showed an intermediate modulus in the initial stage of loading, which was taken as the tensile modulus, E , after which the load reached a maximum point taken as the tensile strength, σ f , and corresponding initial failure strain, ε f . Subsequently, when the IMS60 layers began to fail, the high-ductility E-glass layers held the load without instantaneous failure, exhibiting a so-called secondary tensile modulus, E * which was calculated for a constant strain range using a least square method. Finally, the load reached its secondary maximum, and fracture of the HFRP specimen occurred at the secondary fracture strength, σ * f , and corresponding secondary failure strain, ε * f . Because higher ductility E-glass fibers bear the load for a certain time after initial failure occurred, HFRP specimens with jagged traces could be considered one example of a material able to prevent instantaneous failure 3,4,5 . The average tensile modulus ( E ), tensile strength ( σ f ), failure strain ( ε f ), secondary tensile modulus ( E *), strength ( σ * f ), and failure strain ( ε * f ) are shown in Table 2. Similar results of other hybrid composites have been observed in the reported literature 3,4,5 .Figure 1.Typical tensile stress–strain curves for the CFRP, GFRP, and HFRP specimens.Table 2 Tensile properties of the mono CFRP and GFRP, and HFRP specimens.Fatigue tensile properties.Figure 2 shows the relation between the applied maximum stress, σ max , and the number of cycles to failure, N f , also defined as the S – N curves for the HFRP specimens. The S – N curves for the MC and MG specimens are also shown in this figure. For the MC and MG specimens, the fatigue properties of the MC were ~ 2–4 times higher than those of the MG. The fatigue properties of the HFRP specimens showed CFRP-dominant behaviour at high stress levels and GFRP-dominant behaviour at low stress levels. The fatigue properties of the HFRP specimens increased with increasing volume fraction of CFRP (HE > HD > HC > HA > HB > HF > HG > HH).Figure 2.Discussion.Static tensile properties.The tensile modulus, E HFRP , and secondary tensile modulus, E * HFRP , of the HFRP specimens were calculated using a simple rule of mixtures:$$ _= _ _ + _ >glass\right)>_ >glass\right)>+ __\quad \left(\text\right),$$$$ _=__ \quad \left(\text\right),$$glass)>> >glass)>>.$$_ >_ >glass\right)>_ >glass\right)>+\frac >_ >__ \left(\text\right),$$$$_ =_ >glass\right)>_ >glass\right)>+\frac >glass\right)>>_ >glass\right)>>__ \left(\text\right),$$$$_ ^=_ _ \left(\text\right),$$where σ fF ( IMS60 ) , σ fF ( E-glass ) , and σ f ( GFRP ) are the tensile strength values of the IMS60 fiber, E-glass fiber, and E-glass GFRP, respectively. The volume fraction and tensile modulus of each element are already known. The tensile strength values of the CFRP and GFRP are obtained from the static tensile tests for the MC and MG specimens, are σ f ( CFRP ) = 3.023 GPa and σ f ( GFRP ) = 1.109 GPa, respectively. σ fF ( IMS60 ) and σ fF ( E-glass ) are estimated from Eqs. (4)–(6), and σ fF ( IMS60 ) = 5.279 GPa and σ fF ( E-glass ) = 2.169 GPa.The failure strain ε f(HFRP) and secondary failure strain ε * f(HFRP) of the HCFRP specimens were calculated using the following equations:$$_ =\frac_ >_> \left(\text\right),$$$$^>_ =\frac^>_ >^>_> \left(\text\right).$$^,$$where a and b are experimental constants. The least squares fitting of the fatigue trends with the power law model is illustrated in Fig. 2. The intercept, a , and slope, b , are calculated to be 3.292 and − 0.0356 for the MC specimen and 1.884 and − 0.0899 for the MG specimen, respectively.The S – N curves of the CFRP- and GFRP-dominant behaviors in the HFRP specimens were calculated using the power law model of the CFRP and GFRP specimens and a simple rule of mixtures. The S – N curves of the CFRP-dominant HFRP behaviors were estimated to add the load acted on GFRP (different in the ratio of CFRP/GFRP) to the load of CFRP using the S – N curve of the MC specimen. The S – N curves of the GFRP-dominant HFRP behaviors were estimated to add the load acted on CFRP (different in the ratio of CFRP/GFRP) to the load of GFRP using the S – N curve of the MG specimen. The estimated results are also shown in Fig. 2.Figure 7 shows the difference between the experimental and estimated results (( X exp − X cal )/ X cal , and X is the maximum applied stress for the same cycles) as a function of the hybrid ratio.Figure 7.Difference between the experimental and estimated results as a function of the hybrid ratio.The CFRP-dominant behavior of the fatigue properties for the HA and HB specimens was higher than that of the estimated results. The GFRP-dominant behavior of the fatigue properties for the HA and HB specimens was higher and lower, respectively, than that of the estimated results. The fatigue properties of the HA specimen were approximately 5% higher than those of the HB specimen. For the HB, HC, HD, and HE specimens, the CFRP-dominant behavior of the fatigue properties decreased with increasing volume fraction of CFRP, and the GFRP-dominant behavior, which was lower than that of the estimated results, decreased with increasing volume fraction of CFRP. The CFRP-dominant behavior of the fatigue properties for the HE specimen was lower than that of the estimated results. On the other hand, for the HB, HF, HG, and HH specimens, the CFRP-dominant behavior of fatigue properties, which was higher than the estimated results, decreased with increasing volume fraction of CFRP. For the same specimens, the GFRP-dominant behavior, which was lower than the estimated results, increased with increasing volume fraction of CFRP.Fatigue damage, such as matrix cracking and delamination, often results in a significant reduction in the modulus of composite laminates. Hence, it is crucial to develop an analytical model to describe the cumulative damage of composites due to fatigue based on apparent stiffness reduction 32,33,34,35,36 . Figure 8 shows apparent stiffness reduction during fatigue loading (low, middle, and high stress levels) for the mono CFRP and GFRP and HFRP specimens.Figure 8.Most of the stiffness reduction occurred in the earlier stages of fatigue life, whereas the damage density increased steeply. The rate of stiffness degradation became very low as soon as the damage density reached a saturated value. The stiffness reduction trends of the HA, HB, HC, HD, and HE specimens were similar to those of the MC specimen. The stiffness reduction trends of the HF, HG, and HH specimens were similar to those of the MG specimen.Stiffness reduction reflects the damaged state under fatigue cycles after the distribution of damage for the MC, MG, and HFRP specimens. The cumulative fatigue damage 30,31,32,33,34 for the MC, MG, and HFRP specimens, D i , is defined as.$$ _=1-\frac_>_>,$$where E 0 and E i represent the apparent stiffness at the first cycle and the i -th cycle, respectively.Figure 9 shows the cumulative fatigue damage for the MC, MG, and HFRP specimens as a function of the normalized number of cycles, N i / N f ( N i represents the i-th cycle), which is widely used in the literature 32,33,34,35,36 .Figure 9.The cumulative fatigue damage, D i , for the MC, MG, and HFRP specimens increased with increasing N i / N f . For the MC, MG, and HFRP specimens, there exists a relationship between D i and N i / N f , given by.$$\frac =C _\right)>^\left\ >^_>>\right)>^_>> >^_>>\right)>^_>>\right\>,$$ HD > HC > HA > HB > HF > HG > HH). The fatigue properties of the HA specimen are higher than those of the HB specimen. For the HB, HC, HD, and HE specimens, the CFRP-dominant behavior of the fatigue properties decreases with increasing volume fraction of CFRP and the GFRP-dominant behavior decreases with increasing volume fraction of CFRP. On the other hand, for the HB, HF, HG, and HH specimens, the CFRP-dominant behavior of the fatigue properties decreases with increasing volume fraction of CFRP and the GFRP-dominant behavior increases with increasing volume fraction of CFRP. The stiffness reduction trends of the HA, HB, HC, HD, and HE specimens are similar to those of the MC specimen. The stiffness reduction trends of the HF, HG, and HH specimens are similar to those of the MG specimen.References.Fitzer, E. PAN-based carbon fibers-present state and trend of the technology from the viewpoint of possibilities and limits to influence and to control the fiber properties by the process parameters. Carbon 27 , 621–645. 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ArticleGoogle Scholar.Author information.Authors and Affiliations.Polymer Matrix Hybrid Composite Materials Group, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, 305-0047, Japan Kimiyoshi Naito Department of Aerospace Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan Kimiyoshi Naito.Kimiyoshi Naito. weed store le havre ([Only registered and activated users can see links])medical marijuana no sales tax ([Only registered and activated users can see links])best marijuana news sites ([Only registered and activated users can see links])al madina supermarket international city cbd ([Only registered and activated users can see links])amorino gelato price ([Only registered and activated users can see links])vitamin shoppe detox thc ([Only registered and activated users can see links])bc northern lights roommate price ([Only registered and activated users can see links])hinode shop bangi ([Only registered and activated users can see links])bangi seksyen 8 house for sale ([Only registered and activated users can see links])premier le reve sahl hasheesh website ([Only registered and activated users can see links])weed shop 3 where is slim ([Only registered and activated users can see links])cbd isolate capsules for sale ([Only registered and activated users can see links])marijuana anonymous north los angeles ([Only registered and activated users can see links])weed shop seattle ([Only registered and activated users can see links])buy weed plant virginia ([Only registered and activated users can see links])how to get a medical marijuana license in nyc ([Only registered and activated users can see links])where to get grand daddy purple seeds ([Only registered and activated users can see links])price of weed in ohio ([Only registered and activated users can see links])hindu kush strain for sale ([Only registered and activated users can see links])dojo gelato findlay market ([Only registered and activated users can see links])acdc strain for sale ([Only registered and activated users can see links])oil rig for sale dabs ([Only registered and activated users can see links])where to buy recreational weed in upstate ny ([Only registered and activated users can see links])buy medical weed online zinc ([Only registered and activated users can see links])ounce of weed price sydney ([Only registered and activated users can see links])can i buy a weed pen at 18 ([Only registered and activated users can see links])vaporizers for sale weed ([Only registered and activated users can see links])selling girl scout cookies on ******** ([Only registered and activated users can see links])marijuana seeds for sale fort collins ([Only registered and activated users can see links])weed shop online canada ([Only registered and activated users can see links])marijuana seeds for sale tennessee ([Only registered and activated users can see links])marijuana penny stocks to buy 2024 ([Only registered and activated users can see links])buy cbd online london ([Only registered and activated users can see links])wax thc prices ([Only registered and activated users can see links])grow lights for cannabis cheap ([Only registered and activated users can see links])cannabis oil for sale ([Only registered and activated users can see links])lemon cherry gelato strain price ([Only registered and activated users can see links])e spliff buy ([Only registered and activated users can see links])different weed dealers ([Only registered and activated users can see links])shisha shop new york ([Only registered and activated users can see links])merced bakeshop wedding cake ([Only registered and activated users can see links])curry 2 northern lights price ([Only registered and activated users can see links])breckenridge main street weed shop ([Only registered and activated users can see links])cbd crystals wholesale ([Only registered and activated users can see links])pazzo gelato prices ([Only registered and activated users can see links])weed party shop ([Only registered and activated users can see links]) Medical marijuana card louisiana online 1 ([Only registered and activated users can see links])Where to buy synthetic weed in sydney ([Only registered and activated users can see links])Vladimir kush genealogy tree price ([Only registered and activated users can see links])James blunt newmarket racecourse 27 june ([Only registered and activated users can see links])Weed shop 2 apk for android ([Only registered and activated users can see links])Price of weed grinder 1 ([Only registered and activated users can see links])Best cheap weed vaporizer uk ([Only registered and activated users can see links]-10087728)Bangi sentral vendor ([Only registered and activated users can see links])Tacoma weed store ([Only registered and activated users can see links])Bhang chocolate for sale ([Only registered and activated users can see links]-142767)Weed smoke shop ([Only registered and activated users can see links])